Old Damascus knives part 4

The museum-quality Wootz Damascus blades with the most attractive surface patterns often show Mohammed's ladder pattern . Several theories have evolved in as to how these ladder patterns were produced. Early authors, such as Zschokke,  confirmed a theory attributed to Tschernoff that resulted from radial dendrites in the steel cakes that were aligned through the blades by perforating the ingots and opening them during the initial stages of the forge. Smith argues that this process is unlikely and suggests that they were produced by cutting or grinding shallow furrows through an almost finished leaf and then forging the flat leaf, a technique he attributes to Massalski22 and De Luynes.23 Panseri carried out experiments in the pattern of welding blades in which transverse grooves is produced in a sheet almost finished by both cutting and forging with a chisel-shaped die. It was shown that both techniques produced a ladder pattern and argued that the patterns of Forged grooves look more like patterns on Wootz Damask blades than those with cut grooves. This question of how ladder patterns were produced is also discussed by Figiel, 4 who presents several excellent photographs of several ladder drawings.A qualitative illustration of the mechanism of ladder formation using the cutting notch technique is presented . For a given band gap in the blade, the separation of the bands on the blade surface, S, is controlled by the angle of the planes of the strip with the surface of the blade,. When one increases, the separation of the bands on the surface decreases. It is the systematic variation of this angle a that results in the oscillation of the spacing of the bands on the surface of the blade and makes the wavy pattern damascene characteristic. Experiments show that the undulation of the pattern can be dramatically increased by the simple use of rounded or shot blasting hammer heads to increase variations in a. After cutting a groove through a nearly finished blade, subsequent forging causes the metal at the bottom of the groove to fill the groove cavity.. This flow deforms the bands, causing some local angles on the surface of the blade to increase at the notched wall locations. The resulting decrease in the separation of the surface S. If the grooves are wide, the separation of the narrowed bands appears along the two walls of the groove and not the bottom, depending on the depth of the groove. The details of the model are a complex function of the width and depth of the slot cavity and the shape of the slot cavity.

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